Inverting Amplifier – Inverting Operational Amplifier

Inverting amplifier or inverting operational amplifier is a type of op-amp configuration, where the input voltage is changed in the opposite direction. Therefore, the output signal is out of phase by 180°.

In an operational amplifier, there are two inputs. They are inverting input and non-inverting input. Generally, the inverting input is indicated using the (-) sign, and the non-inverting input is indicated using the (+) sign.

In the inverting amplifier configuration, the non-inverting terminal has been grounded. The input signal is applied to the inverting terminal (indicated by the '-' sign).

In this circuit, a fraction of the output current is feedback to the input through a resistor.

The open-loop voltage gain of an inverting amplifier

In an ideal op amp, there is no voltage difference between the inverting and non-inverting terminal. Therefore,

Since the non-inverting terminal has been grounded, V₊ is zero. Therefore,

Let’s apply the Kirchhoff law for V_in,

Applying the Kirchhoff law to the V_out,

Open loop gain can be calculated using Equation 1 and Equation 2.

The open loop gain, of an inverting amplifier depends on the ratio between the two resistors. And it is independent of the closed-loop gain.

Equivalent circuit of an inverting amplifier

The equivalent circuit is the circuit that is constructed using capacitors, resistors, inductors, etc, and gives the same result as the original component. The equivalent circuit for a non-ideal inverting amplifier can be used to calculate the non-ideal voltage gain.

There are two configurations of inverting op amps and they are open loop configuration and closed loop configuration.

Voltage gain (A)

In an ideal situation, there is no current flow through the circuit. But there is a current flow in a real situation. Using Kirchhoff’s law, we can write expressions for I, I₁, and I₂ as follows in a closed-loop configuration.

Where,

• V_in = input voltage
• V_out = output voltage
• R = R_a
• R_in  = input impedance
• R_f = feedback resistance

Now let’s consider the open loop configuration. In the ideal open loop configuration, the output voltage can be expressed as follows.

Where A is the ideal voltage gain. But in real situations, there is an additional voltage due to the output impedance. Therefore, the output voltage can be written as follows.

Where R_o is the output impedance. By using the above equation, we can derive an expression for I₁.

Same as the closed-loop configuration,

From Equation 1 and Equation 2, we can get an expression for V_out.

In an inverting amplifier, the non-inverting terminal has been grounded. Therefore, V₊ is zero.

Now we can derive an expression for V_in using equation 1.

In the above equation, V_out can be substituted by equation 3.

The voltage gain of an op-amp is the ratio between V_out and V_in. Using equations 3 and 4 we can get an expression for the voltage gain.

We can divide both the upper and lower parts of the equation by A.

The above expression tells us the voltage gain of a non-ideal inverting amplifier. We can apply the above equation to the ideal situation also. In the ideal situation, A and R_in are infinite. And R_o is approximately zero.