learnbin.net nav logo

More results...

Generic selectors
Exact matches only
Search in title
Search in content
Post Type Selectors

What are the Engineering Plastics? An Introduction

Plastics can be classified into three categories as per performance. These are General use plastics, High-performance plastics, and Engineering plastics.

High-Performance Plastics

High-performance plastics are valued for their excellent properties and are used in many demanding applications. Among the high-performance plastics, there are fluoropolymers, sulfur-containing aromatic polymers, aromatic poly aryl ether and Poly ketones, and Liquid crystal polymers. Compared to the general use plastics and engineering plastics, they differ in their High Strength, Good Chemical Resistance, Low coefficient of friction, performance at high temperatures, Good toughness, and High-quality electrical resistance. The most popular high-performance plastics are Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and Poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene (PTFE).  PTFE is also known as “Teflon”.

The chemical structural formula of poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK). PEEK is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic. PEEK is synthesized by step-growth polymerization by the dialkylation of bis-phenolate salts.

PTFE is a fluorocarbon solid, consisting wholly of carbon and fluorine. Due to the Fluorine, PTFE has high flame resistance.  PTFE is hydrophobic: neither water nor water-containing substances wet PTFE. PTFE has one of the lowest coefficients of friction of any solid.

Categories of Plastics as per Performance - Engineering Plastics
Figure 01: Categories of Plastics as per Performance

Engineering Plastics

Over the last 30 years, plastics have been developed to the point where they have started replacing many traditional materials such as wood and metal. Traditional materials have been replaced by engineering plastics due to many reasons.

The main benefit of using engineering plastics is the low cost. It is more economical than using steel or wood. The other advantages are low weight, aesthetics (attractive appearance), functional design, reduced maintenance, corrosion resistance, and chemical resistance.

How economical it would be to replace the steel rim with a plastic one

  • Steel density :- 7.8 g/cm3
  • Nylon :- 4 g/cm3
  • Cost of fabricated steel:- 2 US/kg
  • Cost of Nylon + glass fibers :-  4 U$/kg
  • Tensile strength:- Steel 400 MPa, Nylon 200 MPa
  • The volume of the steel rim:- V
  • The thickness of the steel rim:- 10mm
  • To keep the same strength as steel,
  • 200MPa (Nylon) × thickness = 400 MPa (Steel) × 10mm
  • Thickness of nylon rim = (400 MPa × 10mm) / 200MPa
  • The thickness of the nylon rim = 20mm
  • 2Volume of plastic rim = 1 volume of steel to keep the same strength
  • weight of plastic rim = 1.4 g/cm3 x 2V = 2.8V g
  • Weight of steel rim = 7.8 g/cm3 x V = 7.8V g
  • Cost of the Nylon rim = 4U$x 2.8 x Volume = 11.2V, U$
  • Cost of the Nylon rim = 2U$ x 7.8 x volume = 15.6 V, U$
  • Cost of the Nylon rim < Cost of the Steel rim

A variety of engineering thermoplastics are available today. Those are,

  • High molecular weight PE and PE-ethylene copolymers and ethylene propylene diene terpolymers
  • Alkyd resins
  • Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)
  • Polyacrylates
  • Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE)
  • Polysiloxane
  • Poly diallyl iso-phthalate and poly allyl phthalate
  • Polycarbonate (PC)
  • Polyesters
  • Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
  • Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
  • Polyamides such as PA 6, PA 6,6, PA 6,9, PA 6,10, PA 11, PA 6,12 and PA 12
  • Polyether ester amide
  • Polyether ester amide
  • Polyimide (PI)
  • Polyether-imide (PEI)
  • Polyamide-imide (PAI)
  • Polyethylene sulfide (PES)
  • Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and polyphenylene disulfide
  • Aromatic disulfides
  • Polysulfone (PSU)
  • Fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) copolymer
  • Polyvinyl fluoride
  • Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
  • Perfluoro alkoxy ethylene
  • Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene

Commercial engineering plastics

Engineering plastics have good strength, temperature resistance, and good dimensional stability at a wide range of temperatures. Due to the high thermal stability, thermal applications of engineering plastics include heat-shrinkable tubing, heat-resistant parts, oven parts, oven grills, cooling systems, expansion tanks, heating systems, heat exchangers, and thermal protections. Mechanical engineering applications of engineering plastics are valves, pumps, bushes, artificial diaphragms, connecting rods, valve seals, air ducts, fan blades, and artificial joints.

PropertyNylonBronzeSteelAluminum
Density (g/cm3)  1.15  8.87.842.7
Tensile strength (psi)  12000220003600030000
Elasticity modulus (psi)0.4x106  16x106  30x106  10x106  
Table 01: Comparing physical properties of engineering plastics with commonly used metals

Disadvantages of engineering plastics

1. Hydrolysis of polar groups

Normally, engineering plastics contain a large number of polar groups. These polar groups undergo hydrolysis reactions in the presence of moisture. Engineering plastics such as Nylon, ABS, and PET have a high amount of polar groups.

Nylon molecule
Figure 02: Nylon
PTT (polytrimethylene terephthalate) molecule
Figure 03: PTT (polytrimethylene terephthalate)
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
Figure 04: Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

2. Moisture absorption

Nylons absorb moisture in equilibrium with the relative humidity of their immediate surroundings. Nylon 6 absorbs 9% and Nylon 6.6 absorbs 7% of moisture. This results in a measurable dimensional change of 2% and 3.5%. moisture absorption also happens due to the presence of polar groups.

The tensile strength of nylon 6 and 6.6 drops significantly with increasing moisture content. In the case of nylon 6, the drop in tensile strength from dry (100 %) to saturated state is over 80 %. For nylon 6.6, the drop is over 60 %. With increased moisture content, the modulus of elasticity and other stiffness properties are also reduced.

3. High melting point

Engineering plastics normally have a high melting point. As a result, they also have high processing temperatures. As an example, the melting point of PET is 270 ℃ and it has a processing temperature of around 270-280 ℃. At this high temperature, if Oxygen is present, degradation of the polymer can happen. If there is moisture, hydrolysis can happen.

Another disadvantage of the high melting point is the difficulty of obtaining clear products. Cooling from about 280 ℃ to room temperature is not easy. The cooling process takes time. So, the slow cooling causes the crystallization of the polymer. Crystallization products will not be clear (transparent) products.

Due to the high melting point, the polymer needs high energy to melt. So, the energy consumption is high. To avoid hydrolysis at the processing stage, a polymer can be pre-dry to remove moisture content. In order to avoid oxidation of the polymer contact of molten plastic with oxygen should be avoided.

4. High molecular weight

Increasing the molecular weight of the polymer, and the mechanical properties will increase. But flowability will decrease. Engineering plastics have very low flowability. Traditional methods like injection molding, and extrusion blow molding cannot be applicable to making products out of high molecular weight engineering plastics.

Common applications of engineering plastics.

  • Digital & Screen-Printing Materials
  • Medical & Laboratory Materials
  • Marine & Outdoor Materials
  • Chemical & Corrosion Resistant Materials
  • Food Processing Materials
  • Cabinetry & Designer Outdoor Materials
  • Playground & Recreational Materials


Buy me a coffee

References and Attributes

Figures:

Cover Image was designed using Image by cherylt23 from Pixabay


Express your thoughts below!

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

0 Comments

© 2024 learnbin.net. All rights reserved.
linkedin facebook pinterest youtube rss twitter instagram facebook-blank rss-blank linkedin-blank pinterest youtube twitter instagram